Geography: 2016: CBSE: [All India]: Set – II

The average sex ratio in the world is 990 females per 1000 males.

In India, a large number of people migrate from rural to urban areas because of – poverty, high population pressure on land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education, etc.

Problems of Ruhr Industrial Region are:
i. Industrial waste
ii. Pollution
iii. Iron Ore exhausted

If the Value of Export is more than the value of Import than the country has positive or favourable balance of trade.Countries prefer to sell more and receive more capital for the residents. That translates into a higher standard of living.

The main thrust of the National Youth Policy is youth empowerment in terms of their effective participation in decision making and carrying the responsibility of an able leader.

The term ‘human development’ is an expansion of human capabilities, a widening of choices, ‘an enhancement of freedom, and a fulfillment of human rights.’This concept was developed by the economist MahbubulHaq.

Petroleumis used as a fuel and is also used as a industrial raw material.

Hamleted Settlements:These types of settlements are fragmented into several small units. The main settlement does not have much influence on the other units. Very often the original site is not easily distinguishable and these hamlets are often spread over the area with intervening fields. These are locally named as faliya, para, dhana, dhani, nanglay etc. These settlements are generally found in West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and coastal plains.

Dispersed Settlements:
These settlementsare characterized by units of small sizeconsist of a single house to a small group of house. It varies from two to seven huts.Therefore, in this type, hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any specific pattern. Such type of settlements are found in tribal areas
of central part of India covering Chhota Nagpur plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,in the hills of north Bengal,Jammu& Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

1. Asia and North and Central America arethe two continents having the highest growth rate of million cities from 1950 to 2000.
2. Various reasonsare responsible behind the growth of million cities. Firstly, large number of migration takes place from rural to urban areas because of lack of employment opportunities. Secondly, overpopulation and lack of infrastructural facilities are equally accountable for this growth. Apart from these factors, natural disasters like flood, drought, cyclone, storm, earthquake, etc. also accelerate the pace of this growth.
3. A city with at least or over a million inhabitants or residents, is called million city.In 1950 only 3 cities satisfied this definition – London, New York and Tokyo, but nowadays, this number is far greater. As of 2015, there are about 500 metropolitan areas around the world with a population of one million people or more. They were generally found in developed countries but with the increasing of globalization they have spread into developing nation’s cities like Mumbai, Shanghai, etc.
 

The best way to manage and maintain natural resources is to make these goods available for human use in ways that sustain the resource for future generations. The values that can help to use the gifts of nature in a sustainable manner are as follows:

1. To grow different types of plants, herbs, trees and grass in an open areas. Trees may be harvested from a forest, but the forest should be replanted at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate of harvest.
2. To save non-renewable natural resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas by using less amount rather use renewable energy resources in maximum quantum like: Solar, wind and hydro or water.
3. Avoid of executing developmental works like dam, road and industrial construction in forest areas or by replacing the vegetation cover.