Geography: 2006: CBSE: [Delhi]: Set – II

Deterministic approach was followed by F. Ratzel and E.C Semple in the study of human geography. This approach is also known as environmentalism. Two main characteristics of this approach are:

1. According to this approach man is a slave of environmental forces and man is totally influenced by the forces of nature. According to Semple, ‘man is a product of nature’.

2. This approach explains man as an insignificant and helpless creature before the natural forces.

The nature of mining in the world has undergone major changes over time. Some of the major changes are:  

1. In early days of the feudal period, mining was carried on mainly by labour from the prisons and slaves.

2. In the middle ages, mining was considered a noble profession.

3. In modern times, mining is no longer a major employer. Mechanisation and technological advancement has increased the efficiency and thus very less workforce is now required in this kind of activity.

The conditions of industrial development in India before the advent of industrial revolution in Europe were:  

1. India was industrially more developed before the advent of industrial revolution in Europe.
2. India’s handicrafts were prized in foreign countries.
3. Cotton textiles, pottery, bronze, metal articles and wares were famous throughout the world.

The three industries which were established in India in the pre-independence period are:

1. Cotton textile industry was established at Mumbai in 1854.

2. The first Jute mill was started in 1855 at Rishra near Kolkata.

3. Bengal Iron and Steel Company were set up at Kulti in 1875 to produce pig iron.

Three reasons for the increasing use of minerals in the world are:

1. Growth in Population: Continuous increase in population leads to continuous increase in demand for minerals by the industries to fulfill the demand of the growing population.

2. Industrialisation: With growth in Industrialisation demand of minerals by different industries is also increasing. As more and more industries are set up,  the mining of minerals is also increasing around the world.

3. Technological Advancement: Advancement in the technology and with the introduction of different technological techniques now the minerals that are present deep with in the earth can also is mined easily.

The three main reasons for the uneven distribution of roads in India are:  

1. Topography: In northern plains, the topography is very flat and even which favours the construction and maintenance of roads. The hilly and undulating terrain in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and in north eastern states, act as an obstacle in the construction and maintenance of the roads.

2. Density of Population: In fact in the Great Plains compact settlement is found. On the other hand in Himalayan Mountains, dispersed settlement is more common. Thus this encouraged laying of more roads in Great Plains to meet the higher demand of passengers.

3. Economic Development: The states having high concentration of industries also have high density of roads to facilitate movement of raw material from the source to the industries and of goods from the industries to the market.

8.1 Narmada and Tapi are two major west flowing rivers.
8.2 The annual run off of Narmada is 41 bcm and the annual run off of Tapi is 18 bcm.
8.3 Storage capacity of these two rivers is 3.02 bcm and 8.68 bcm.

9.1 Lake Superior is the largest lake.
9.2 The approximate depth of this lake is 120 meters below sea level.
9.3 There is a difference of 131 mts. between Lake Huron and Lake St. Francis.

10.1 Niagara Falls lies between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
10.2 The height of Niagara falls is about 51mts.
10.3 It has contributed highly in the industrial and economic development.