Geography: 2005: CBSE: [Delhi]: Set – I

In the study of human geography, Possibilism was followed by Lucian Febvre.
Two main characteristics of this approach are:
1. Possibilism presented the man as an active agent rather than a passive agent.
2. Under this approach, Febvre has made it clear that ‘there are no necessities, but everywhere possibilities”. He also considered man as master of all these possibilities.

A type of farming system in which farmers and farm families travel, more or less continuously, with herds of livestock is known as pastoral nomadism. The main four characteristics of pastoral nomadism are:

1. Pastoral nomadism is characterised by subsistense type of economy in which animals are grazed to meet the basic necessities of life.

2. People engaged in pastoral nomadism do not lead a settled life but keep on moving from place to place and are called nomads.

3. Each nomadic community occupies a well defined territory.

4. There are six widely distributed species reared by pastoral nomads: sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses and donkeys.

9.1 Industrial region No.3 is Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region.

9.2 Industrial region No.5 is Chotanagpur region.

a. The railway line shown in this map is Australian Trans Continental railway.

b. It lies in Australia.

c. The two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line are Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts.

Natural Resources help humans in following ways:

1. They provide energy and favourable conditions for the human development.

2. They are present in the nature in abundance and thus they can be used to replace the exhaustible resources.

3. Natural resources are considered as clean resources as they cannot lead to any type of pollution and thus maintain environmental balance.

The three factors which are responsible for the development of Inland waterways are: 
1. The rivers and canals should have regular flow of sufficient water. 
2. The presence of waterfalls, cataracts and sharp bends in the course of river hinders the development of waterways. Silting of the river bed also reduces the depth of water and creates problems for navigation. Desilting of river beds is a costly affair. 
3. Diversion of water for irrigation purposes reduces the quantity of water and should be done carefully.

Rain Water Harvesting: Rain Water Harvesting is the principle of collecting and using precipitation from catchment surface. Rain water harvesting is a method to capture and store rain water for various uses. It is also used to recharge groundwater aquifers.

Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting:

1. To meet the ever increasing demand for water.

2. To reduce the runoff which chokes drains.

The three main reasons for low agricultural productivity in India are:

1. Inadequate irrigation facilities: In our country, only 22% of cultivated land is irrigated, whereas it is necessary to irrigate at least 50% of the cultivated land to increase the agricultural productivity.

2. Primitive agricultural practices: In most parts of India, Indian farmers are still using primitive agricultural practices and it is one of the major reasons for low agricultural productivity.

3. Lack of mechanised farming:  Use of modern machines is limited due to low purchasing power of the Indian farmers. To get the maximum output, modern equipment should be used in farming.

The two main characteristics of major sea ports of India are:

1. They act as collection centers of commodities from hinterland for further shipment to foreign destinations.

2. They also act as receiving points of foreign consignments coming to India for distributing them in the interior parts of the country.