Geography: 2004: CBSE: [Delhi]: Set – II

Finech and Triwarth divided the subject matter of geography in the following two sections:
(I) Physical or natural environment

(II) Cultural or man-made environment

The major features of the two are:

(I) Physical environment: The two major features of physical environment are:

(i) It consists of physical and natural features and phenomena like climate, drainage, natural resources like soil, water and mineral.

(ii) All these elements and phenomena are solely controlled or governed by nature and man.

(II) Cultural and man-made environment: Two features of cultural and man-made environment are:

(i) It includes man made feature and phenomena on the earth such as population, settlement, as well as features associated with agriculture, manufacturing and transportation.

(ii) The development of cultural environment is dependent on technology and skill that man uses to exploit the elements given to him by natural environment.

Road transport is considered more useful in India due to the following reasons:  

1. Door to door services: In India, road transport is the only source of transportation which provides door to door service and flexibility of boarding and getting off at any place.

2. Connectivity with villages: In India, it holds the most dominant position because villages of India are connected with cities by roads only. Farmers use bullock carts on kachcha roads to reach cities.

3. Swift hauling for short distance: Most perishable items need rapid movement for short distances, so road transport is very important for swift hauling.

The interchange of goods and services among the countries is called international trade. Two types of international trade are:
(i) Bilateral Trade

(ii) Multilateral Trade

1. Bilateral Trade: When exchange of commodities and services takes place between two countries, it is called bilateral trade. Primary products are mostly exchanged with manufactured goods between two countries.
2. Multilateral Trade: When goods and services are exchanged among a number of countries, it is called multilateral trade. U.S.A. and Europe are providing technical know how to set up industries to a number of developing countries.

Natural resources are most important for the human beings. The three ways in which they help the human being are as follows:
(i) They provide material, energy and favourable conditions for development.

(ii) Air, water, land and forests are necessary for man’s survival and development.
(iii) Natural resources are renewable and thus in order to conserve non-renewable resources, we can use them.

Rainwater harvesting is a technology by which groundwater resources are increased and recharged by storing and collecting rainwater in sub surface water reservoirs.
Objectives of rainwater harvesting:

(i) It helps in meeting the ever increasing demand of water.

(ii) It avoids flooding of roads and reduces wastage of water.

(iii) It replenishes groundwater and raises the water level and supplements domestic water requirement.

(iv) It reduces soil erosion and improves the quality of groundwater by reducing its pollution.

a. It connects Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea.
b. No. 1 is Port Said and No. 2 is Port Suez.
c. A is Great Bitter Lake and B is Timsa Lake.

10.1 It is Jammu and Kashmir in the north, which is facing water scarcity. It is placed under cold category.
10.2 Rajasthan in the north-western part is facing water scarcity. It is placed under hot category.

In commercial livestock rearing, animals are reared on extensive grasslands with modern scientific methods. Its main characteristics are:
(i) Animals are reared at fixed ranches and are fed fodder crops and cultivated grasses. Animals do not move from one place to place.

(ii) Emphasis is laid on genetic improvement, disease control and health care of animals.

(iii) Every activity like cultivation of fodder crops, processing of milk, meat and packaging of milk and animal products is carried out mechanically and on scientific lines.