Medicines are more effective in colloidal state because they have large surface area in colloidal form. Therefore, they are easily assimilated and absorbed by the body tissues.

There is no solvation effect in gas phase. Therefore, the basic strength depends upon the +I effect. The higher the +I effect, the stronger is the base. Greater the number of alkyl groups attached with nitrogen, higher is the +I effect. Thus, the given compounds can be arranged in the increasing order of their base strength in the gas phase as follows.

C₂H₅NH₂ < (C₂H₅)₂NH < (C₂H₅)₃N

Conductivity of silicon increases on doping with phosphorus because phosphorus atoms in silicon crystal cause n-type doping. Phosphorus atoms have 5 valence electrons. Four of these valence electrons form covalent bonds with neighbouring silicon atoms and the fifth valence electron is free and gets delocalised. These delocalised electrons increase the conductivity of silicon.

Glucose has an aldehyde group and fructose has ketone group. Glucose is an aldohexose while, ketone is a ketohexose.

The products obtained after hydrolysis of lactose are β-D-Glucose and β-D-Galactose.

4-Chlorobenzenesulphonic acid

(i) For a complex reaction, the rate of reaction is expressed by the slowest step. Since, in the given reaction, step (1) is the slow step, the expression of rate law for the reaction is written as follows:

         Rate = K [H₂O₂][I^–]

(ii) Order of the reaction is the sum of the exponents to which the concentration terms are raised in the rate law expression.

      Hence, the order of the reaction= 1+1=2

(iii) In a multiple step reaction, the slowest step is the rate determining step, therefore, out of steps (1) and (2), step (1) is the rate determining step.

Two differences between an ideal and a non-ideal solution are as follows: